Standard precautions apply to the care of all patients, irrespective of their disease state. All transmission-based precautions are to be used in conjunction with standard precautions. These guidelines also introduced three transmission-based precautions: airborne, droplet, and contact. In 1996, the CDC Guideline for Isolation Precautions in Hospitals, prepared by the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC), combined the major features for Universal Precaution and Body Substance Isolation into what is now referred to as Standard Precautions. A limitation of this guideline was that it emphasized handwashing after removing gloves only if the hands were visibly soiled. These guidelines advocated avoiding direct physical contact with “all moist and potentially infectious body substances,” even if blood is not visible. In 1987, the CDC introduced another set of guidelines termed Body Substance Isolation. Universal precautions do not apply to sputum, feces, sweat, vomit, tears, urine, or nasal secretions unless they are visibly contaminated with blood because their transmission of Hepatitis B or HIV is extremely low or non-existent. HIV-containing cell or tissue cultures, organ cultures, and HIV- or HBV-containing culture medium or other solutions blood, organs, or other tissues from experimental animals infected with HIV or HBV.
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